Centauri Dreams Imagining and Planning Interstellar Exploration. I know I said I wouldnt post for a bit, but because Ive just given my closing remarks at the Tennessee Valley Interstellar Workshop, they are ready to go for publication, and I thought I would go ahead and publish them here. I did much of the actual writing for this at the conference where I still am, so there may be a few typos. I havent inserted the affiliations of the speakers, either, but Id like to go ahead and get this up. My plan, once Ive taken care of other obligations in the next ten days or so, is then to return to TVIW with greater focus and look at specific papers that caught my eye and the ways they fit in with the larger interstellar picture. For more background on the speakers here until then, check the TVIW 2. Symposium page. I also didnt mention the excellent workshop sessions in this talk because they had just been summarized immediately before my own talk. But more on them as well as other TVIW observations when I return to regular Centauri Dreams posts. This should be around mid October. I want to thank Les Johnson and the conference organizers at TVIW, Tau Zero and Starship Century for the opportunity to make this presentation, and for the huge outlay in time and energy they devoted to the event. That includes our workshop leaders and participants who carried the original workshop notion forward. What I now hope to do is give an overview of what we have done here and what it signifies. Somewhere around the 6th Century BCE, a man named Lao Tzu, an almost legendary philosopher and writer, purportedly produced the book known as the Tao Te Ching, a fundamental text of Taoism and Chinese Buddhism. This years Tennessee Valley Interstellar Workshop arrived made to order for Taoist thought, with its theme Step by Step Building a Ladder to the Stars. Because for years Ive used as the line on my digital signature the Tao Te Chings aphorism You accomplish the great task by a series of small acts. Confucius, who may have known Lao Tzu, would echo the same philosophy. As anyone paying attention to this years sessions learned at the beginning, many of the acts we are trying to accomplish are anything but small. A 1. 00 GW laser array is not small either in concept or in physical dimension. A sail five meters to the side is small by many earlier standards, but what we discuss doing with it, a mission to the nearest star, is not small, nor is the exploration of the outer Solar System with precursors fueled by fusion or driven by plasma sail a small accomplishment. But conceptualizing each of these things, one at a time, that is a series of small steps, and we need many such steps. The emergence of Breakthrough Starshot clearly changes the game for everyone in the interstellar community. 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EloOwXY75M/hqdefault.jpg' alt='Watch Einstein And Eddington Youtube' title='Watch Einstein And Eddington Youtube' />We have a congressional subcommittee report that encourages NASA to study the feasibility and develop propulsion concepts that could enable an interstellar scientific probe with the capability of achieving a cruise velocity of 1. I doubt seriously that that phrasing would have emerged without the powerful incentive of the funding provided by Breakthrough, nor would the Tau Zero Foundations recent grant. Were on new terrain that is a long way from where we once were, in the days when there were few interstellar meetings as such and most discussions among those of an interstellar bent happened at occasional get togethers in meetings on largely different subjects. Today we have a community and, if it is one with a pointing problem in terms of how often it meets and how well it stays focused, it is at least one with high energy levels and a steep drive to succeed. TVIW 2. 01. 7 gave us a range of focused sessions which I have chosen to group, trying to avoid being too arbitrary, into loose themes. Pete Klupar gave us the Breakthrough overview, which includes the welcome and related work of both Breakthrough Watch and Listen, a reminder that we must gain more information about the target of our mission, and indeed decide whether there may not be an even more attractive target near Centauri A or B. The welcome news that the RFP process has begun with work on the projects laser array shows us a community with an actual interstellar project seriously defining the parameters of a mission. Here we are in the larger realm of vision, as Andrew Siemion reminds us when he tells us that we search for ourselves as we venture to the stars. We also, whether or not we send Starshot sails on their journeys in 4. The interstellar enterprise advances whether or not Starshots sails launch to Centauri, and who can say what spinoffs we wont gain from the effort in the interplanetary arena with its tools. On the matter of overview, let me mention Marc Millis discussion of the Tau Zero grant from NASA, which as I mentioned derived from the impetus of the Starshot initiative. Comparing propulsion approaches to take us through what Millis calls the era of precursors, the era of infrastructure and the non extrapolatable future helps us identify the critical issues that need study, just as Starshot itself helps us locate, one by one, the major problems we need to solve for a specific mission concept. What we do need to be wary of is premature lock in when competing methods for doing interstellar missions remain very much on the table. In the realm of hard decisions and trade studies that illuminate them, Kevin Parkin showed us a system model that allows Starshot to study not only a Centauri mission at 2. It is heartening to realize that Parkins system has been used to conduct trade studies since March of 2. Meanwhile, the inputs from the broader community continue. Al Jackson showed us an analysis of trajectories for a Starshot probe, and were reminded by Benjamin Diedrich, who has been working with the NEA Scout mission, that we can learn much from a mission with a much different objective, and one with the ability to apply guidance and control forces that our Centauri bound sail will be unable to muster. Congratulations to Diedrich and particularly Les Johnson for the recent successful deployment tests of the NEA Scout sail. I want to also mention in the realm of trade studies and laboratory work the importance of the kind of measurements George Hathaway discussed for any work of this kind. Looking at problems in testing high voltages in high vacuum at cryogenic temperatures, Hathaway showed the measurement pitfalls that can ensnare experimenters, hard lessons to be kept in mind at all times by those who are evaluating propulsion technologies both understood and exotic. Watch Einstein And Eddington Youtube' title='Watch Einstein And Eddington Youtube' />Starshots mission components were a major factor in our deliberations. That 1. 00 gigawatt laser array that Robert Fugate described can put something on the order of 3. We are considering a sail that goes from Earth orbit to 1. Moon in a matter of hundreds of seconds. Can we make this happen Starshot fails if it does not, and it fails if Jim Benford and those working with him cannot come up with a sail that can withstand the huge forces to be slammed into it. Here I want to pause to mention the rich sail background on display at the conference. The Benford brothers did the first work on sails in the laboratory and as far as I know the first actual tests of beamed sails, some 1. In the audience, we had Gregory Matloff, a distinguished figure in sail history who has been examining their prospects for decades. Geoffrey Landis has published key papers on sail materials, and although his role in this TVIW was to discuss the Solar Gravity Lens, his contributions help us as we look toward possible sail materials and shapes within the Starshot envelope. The welcome presence of Giancarlo Genta reminds us of the tremendous contribution of the Italian sail effort through Project Aurora and other work in the 1. Albert Einstein Wikipedia. Albert Einstein. Albert Einstein in 1. Pronunciation. Born1. March 1. 87. 9Ulm, Kingdom of Wrttemberg, German Empire. Died. 18 April 1. Princeton, New Jersey, U. S. Residence. Germany, Italy, Switzerland, Austria present day Czech Republic, Belgium, United States. Watch Cellular Online Free HD'>Watch Cellular Online Free HD. Watch Wedding Present Online. Citizenship. Education. Known for. SpousesMileva Marim. Elsa Lwenthalm.  1. ChildrenLieserl Einstein. Hans Albert Einstein. Eduard Tete Einstein. Awards. Scientific career. Fields. Physics, philosophy. Institutions. Thesis. Eine neue Bestimmung der Molekldimensionen A New Determination of Molecular Dimensions 1. Doctoral advisor. Alfred Kleiner. Other academic advisors. Heinrich Friedrich Weber. Influenced. Signature. Albert Einstein 1. March 1. 87. 9  1. April 1. 95. 5 was a German born theoretical physicist. Einstein developed the theory of relativity, one of the two pillars of modern physics alongside quantum mechanics. Einsteins work is also known for its influence on the philosophy of science. Einstein is best known by the general public for his massenergy equivalence formula E mc. He received the 1. Nobel Prize in Physics for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect,1. Near the beginning of his career, Einstein thought that Newtonian mechanics was no longer enough to reconcile the laws of classical mechanics with the laws of the electromagnetic field. This led him to develop his special theory of relativity during his time at the Swiss Patent Office in Bern 1. Switzerland. However, he realized that the principle of relativity could also be extended to gravitational fields andwith his subsequent theory of gravitation in 1. He continued to deal with problems of statistical mechanics and quantum theory, which led to his explanations of particle theory and the motion of molecules. He also investigated the thermal properties of light which laid the foundation of the photon theory of light. In 1. 91. 7, Einstein applied the general theory of relativity to model the large scale structure of the universe. Between 1. 89. 5 and 1. Switzerland except for one year in Prague, 1. Swiss Federal Polytechnic in Zrich later the Eidgenssische Technische Hochschule, ETH in 1. He later taught there at the same institute as a professor of theoretical physics between 1. Berlin. In 1. 90. Einstein acquired Swiss citizenship, which he kept for the rest of his life. In 1. 90. 5, Einstein was awarded a Ph. D by the University of Zrich. The same year, his annus mirabilis miracle year, he published four groundbreaking papers, which were to bring him to the notice of the academic world, at the age of 2. He was visiting the United States when Adolf Hitler came to power in 1. Jewishdid not go back to Germany, where he had been a professor at the Berlin Academy of Sciences. He settled in the United States, becoming an American citizen in 1. On the eve of World War II, he endorsed a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt alerting him to the potential development of extremely powerful bombs of a new type and recommending that the U. S. begin similar research. This eventually led to what would become the Manhattan Project. Einstein supported defending the Allied forces, but generally denounced the idea of using the newly discovered nuclear fission as a weapon. Later, with the British philosopher Bertrand Russell, Einstein signed the RussellEinstein Manifesto, which highlighted the danger of nuclear weapons. Einstein was affiliated with the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, until his death in 1. Einstein published more than 3. Einsteins intellectual achievements and originality have made the word Einstein synonymous with genius. Biography. Early life and education. Einstein at the age of 3 in 1. Albert Einstein in 1. Einsteins matriculation certificate at the age of 1. Argovian cantonal school Aargauische Kantonsschule, on a scale of 16, with 6 being the highest possible markAlbert Einstein was born in Ulm, in the Kingdom of Wrttemberg in the German Empire, on 1. March 1. 87. 9. 5 His parents were Hermann Einstein, a salesman and engineer, and Pauline Koch. In 1. 88. 0, the family moved to Munich, where Einsteins father and his uncle Jakob founded Elektrotechnische Fabrik J. Einstein Cie, a company that manufactured electrical equipment based on direct current. The Einsteins were non observant Ashkenazi Jews, and Albert attended a Catholic elementary school in Munich from the age of 5 for three years. At the age of 8, he was transferred to the Luitpold Gymnasium now known as the Albert Einstein Gymnasium, where he received advanced primary and secondary school education until he left the German Empire seven years later. In 1. 89. 4, Hermann and Jakobs company lost a bid to supply the city of Munich with electrical lighting because they lacked the capital to convert their equipment from the direct current DC standard to the more efficient alternating current AC standard. The loss forced the sale of the Munich factory. In search of business, the Einstein family moved to Italy, first to Milan and a few months later to Pavia. When the family moved to Pavia, Einstein stayed in Munich to finish his studies at the Luitpold Gymnasium. His father intended for him to pursue electrical engineering, but Einstein clashed with authorities and resented the schools regimen and teaching method. He later wrote that the spirit of learning and creative thought was lost in strict rote learning. At the end of December 1. Italy to join his family in Pavia, convincing the school to let him go by using a doctors note. During his time in Italy he wrote a short essay with the title On the Investigation of the State of the Ether in a Magnetic Field. In 1. 89. 5, at the age of 1. Einstein took the entrance examinations for the Swiss Federal Polytechnic in Zrich later the Eidgenssische Technische Hochschule, ETH. He failed to reach the required standard in the general part of the examination, but obtained exceptional grades in physics and mathematics. On the advice of the principal of the Polytechnic, he attended the Argoviancantonal school gymnasium in Aarau, Switzerland, in 1. While lodging with the family of professor Jost Winteler, he fell in love with Wintelers daughter, Marie. Alberts sister Maja later married Wintelers son Paul. In January 1. Einstein renounced his citizenship in the German Kingdom of Wrttemberg to avoid military service. In September 1. 89. Swiss Matura with mostly good grades, including a top grade of 6 in physics and mathematical subjects, on a scale of 16. At 1. 7, he enrolled in the four year mathematics and physics teaching diploma program at the Zrich Polytechnic. Marie Winteler, who was a year older, moved to Olsberg, Switzerland, for a teaching post. Einsteins future wife, Mileva Mari, also enrolled at the Polytechnic that year. She was the only woman among the six students in the mathematics and physics section of the teaching diploma course. Over the next few years, Einstein and Maris friendship developed into romance, and they read books together on extra curricular physics in which Einstein was taking an increasing interest. In 1. 90. 0, Einstein was awarded the Zrich Polytechnic teaching diploma, but Mari failed the examination with a poor grade in the mathematics component, theory of functions. There have been claims that Mari collaborated with Einstein on his 1. Annus Mirabilis papers, but historians of physics who have studied the issue find no evidence that she made any substantive contributions. Marriages and children. Albert Einstein in 1. The discovery and publication in 1. Einstein and Mari revealed that they had had a daughter, called Lieserl in their letters, born in early 1. Novi Sad where Mari was staying with her parents. Mari returned to Switzerland without the child, whose real name and fate are unknown.