Faster Than Light - Atomic Rockets. The Unique and Constant Speed of Light.

Many science fiction stories simply assume you can travel faster. This assumption, of course, gets us into trouble with. Einstein’s Principle of Relativity, which, for a number of reasons. Other stories (notably The Left Hand of Darkness, by Ursula.

Le. Guin) try to be more careful, and properly apply the Principle of. Relativity to the motion of the spaceships. As a result, these ships. But at the same time some of these authors assume. Way of transmitting a signal faster than light—even. I want to show in. Principle. of Relativity and faster- than- light communication.

As a result it is. But before we can understand.

Einstein’s Principle of Relativity is based on the observation that. That is, anybody who. For this reason we call the speed of light an invariant. The invariance of the speed of light has some remarkable consequences. For example, suppose Richard Seaton, on board Skylark. III, is traveling towards the star Capella at one half the speed of.

John Star, on Spaceship Orion, is traveling away from. Capella at half the speed of light. The observer on each ship measures the speed of the light received from Capella and finds it to be. This is the same speed that would be measured even if the ships. What is perhaps more surprising, John Star finds that a light. Skylark III also travels with the normal light. At the same time, Richard Seaton, on the Skylark, measuring the speed of the light beam he himself is transmitting, finds.

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Everybody gets the same. Now this is an unsettling phenomenon to someone only familiar. Einstein) concepts. Sound waves do not behave. The speed of a sound wave depands not only on the. An airplane pilot measuring the.

But the speed of light. Any observer will measure the same light speed regardless of the. From here on it will be understood that we are dealing only. The statement that the speed of light is a constant is not just. It is based on a very large number of experimental observations, which in recent years have become extremely accurate. It. must be understood that simple measurements of the speed of light.

This is because. measurements of light speed are usually made by finding the time. Averaging over the two directions of travel washes out most of the.

Therefore measurements having to do with the constancy of the. The classical experiment of this kind, of course, was the Michelson- Morley experiment, performed about 1. I don’t want to go into details here about the experiments. For. such details see my book, Discovering the Natural Laws, Doubleday. It should be mentioned, however, that the Michelson- Morley.

In 1. 94. 9 the well- known relativist H. P. Robertson. of the California Institute of Technology, proved that three independent types of experiments are needed to nail down the proposition that the speed of light is absolutely a constant. These three. experiments test the following three hypotheses: 1. The total time required for light to traverse a given distance. The total time required for a light beam to traverse a closed.

The frequency of a moving light source (or radio transmitter). All three of these statements have been verified by hundreds of. The Michelson- Morley experiment tests only the first statement. The Kennedy- Thorndike experiment (1.

Ives- Stillwell experiment (1. A traditional way of rating the accuracy of such experiments has. If the Earth were traveling through this ether. Michelson- Morley type of experiment would detect the motion. Earth through the ether. Experiments of this type always fail. But there is some error in every experiment.

The original M- M experiment was precise enough to detect an. Earth in its orbit around the sun is 3. Therefore. the result of that experiment was considered negative.

Modern techniques using laser beams are many times more precise than the. The 1. 96. 4 experiment of J aseja, Javin, and. Townes was able to detect an “ether drift” less than 1/ 1. Earth, and none was found. A very recent experiment. A. Brillet and J.

L. Hall (Physical Review Letters, Feb. That is, the. apparatus was capable of detecting a motion of the Earth relative. And none was found. In modern terminology what this means is that the speed of light. The Brillet- Hall experiment is one of the most precise experiments in the annals of physics. It is necessary to understand how precise these experiments are. We are talking about a measurement—a whole set.

Furthermore, the speed of light is unique. Of course, when I talk. I mean all electromagnetic waves.) Nothing traveling. This is a very important statement, as we shall see. Now, once we have established that the speed of light is a constant.

Einstein’s Special Theory of Relativity can be deduced. What I want to talk about for the rest of this article is just. Simultaneity and the Time Dilation. What relativity does to time is the hardest part of the theory to. And usually, whenever a person gets into trouble with. Even an elementary concept such as simultaneity becomes very. Relativity is a science that studies the relationship between events.

We speak of an event as taking place at a certain point in space and. Two events are simultaneous when they. Intuition tells us that if Richard Seaton sees two events happening. John Star will also see the same two events. However, Einstein proved that our. In the immortal words of George Gershwin, “It. The remarkable thing that Einstein showed.

And everybody’s. ideas of time were knocked into a cocked hat. We can demonstrate very simply how this strange state of affairs. Consider three spaceships passing Earth at some high. See Fig. 1) The exact. Say that Kimball Kinnison is in Spaceship B. He has made spatial.

A and C are equally distant. Now A and C each explode a bomb at the same instant. Kimball Kinnison knows that they both explode at the same.

A and C. So. that’s how Kimball Kinnison defines simultaneity in his reference. On the other hand, consider John Star on Earth. Spaceship B. passed Earth just as the light flashes from the two bombs reach. Earth. So John Star sees these two flashes at the same time Kimball. Kinnison does. John Star sees the flashes simultaneously, but does. Not if his. reasoning is correct.

John Star starts out by saying: the light flashes from the explosions travel through space with the speed of light. That’s the one. thing we know for sure. It’s going to take some time for the light. Earth. Therefore when the bombs explode, the three ships.

Fig. 2. We see that the light from. A has farther to travel than the light from bomb C. But if the. two flashes reach Earth at the same time, then bomb A must have.

C! (Remember both light flashes travel with. You see that as a result of the fact that the speed of light is. Kimball Kinnison and John Star. One of them says they both. Watch Down To Earth Online Facebook. The other says bomb A went off before. C. Time has gone awry.

In the jargon of relativity, we speak of Kimball Kinnison being. John Star is in another reference. The two frames are moving relative to each other. One of. the chief functions of relativity is to see how things happening in. What we have. just shown is that two events that are simultaneous in one frame. For. the events to appear simultaneous in both frames, the two events.

Another distortion of time is demonstrated by a different experiment. Suppose Kimball Kinnison sets up a light source, a detector. Fig. 3. He flashes the light and measures. Let’s say the time is one microsecond. What does John. Star see?

He’s standing on Earth as Kimball Kinnison’s ship flashes. Fig. 4. The drawing shows, not three different ships, but the same ship as. Earth. Now the path of the light flash as it goes from source to mirror. K. K. standing in his. But! Remember that the light travels with the same speed. So if John Star sees it traveling over a.

But John Star and. Kimball Kinnison are measuring the time interval between the. We see, then, that the time between these. Kimball Kinnison says the light flash takes 1 microsecond to get.

John Star says it takes a longer time—let’s.