Scottish Gaelic - Wikipedia. For the Germanic language that diverged from Middle English, see Scots language.

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Scottish Gaelic or Scots Gaelic, sometimes also referred to simply as Gaelic (Gàidhlig[ˈkaːlikʲ] ( listen)) or the Gaelic, is a Celtic language native to the Gaels of Scotland. A member of the Goidelic branch of the Celtic languages, Scottish Gaelic, like Modern Irish and Manx, developed out of Middle Irish. Most of modern Scotland was once Gaelic- speaking, as evidenced especially by Gaelic- language placenames.[3]In the 2. Scotland, 5. 7,3. Scottish population aged over three years old) reported as able to speak Gaelic, 1,2.

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The highest percentages of Gaelic speakers were in the Outer Hebrides.[1][4] Only about half of speakers were fully literate in the language.[1] Nevertheless, there are revival efforts, and the number of speakers of the language under age 2. Scottish Gaelic is an official language of neither the European Union nor the United Kingdom. However, it is classed as an indigenous language under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, which the British government has ratified,[6] and the Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act 2. Bòrd na Gàidhlig.[7]Outside Scotland, Canadian Gaelic is spoken mainly in Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island. In the 2. 01. 1 census, there were 7,1. Gaelic languages" in Canada, with 1,3. Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island where the responses mainly refer to Scottish Gaelic.[8] About 2,3.

Canadians in 2. 01. Gaelic languages as their "mother tongue", with over 3. Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island.[9]Nomenclature[edit]Aside from "Scottish Gaelic", the language may also be referred to simply as "Gaelic". In Scotland, the word "Gaelic" in reference to Scottish Gaelic specifically is pronounced [ˈɡalɪk], while outside Scotland it is often pronounced .[1. Outside Ireland and Great Britain, "Gaelic" may refer to the Irish language.[1.

Scottish Gaelic should not be confused with Scots, the Middle English- derived language varieties which had come to be spoken in most of the Lowlands of Scotland by the early modern era. Prior to the 1. 5th century, these dialects were known as Inglis ("English") by its own speakers, with Gaelic being called Scottis ("Scottish"). From the late 1. 5th century, however, it became increasingly common for such speakers to refer to Scottish Gaelic as Erse ("Irish") and the Lowland vernacular as Scottis.[1. Today, Scottish Gaelic is recognised as a separate language from Irish, so the word Erse in reference to Scottish Gaelic is no longer used.[citation needed]History[edit].

Linguistic division in early 1. Scotland. English- speaking zone  Cumbric may have survived in this zone; more realistically a mixture of Cumbric, Gaelic (west) and English (east). Coronation of King Alexander III on Moot Hill, Scone on 1. July 1. 24. 9. He is being greeted by the ollamh rìgh, the royal poet, who is addressing him with the proclamation "Benach De Re Albanne" (= Beannachd Dè Rìgh Alban, "God's Blessing on the King of Scotland"); the poet goes on to recite Alexander's genealogy. Origins to zenith[edit]Gaelic was brought to Scotland, probably in the 4th–5th centuries CE, by settlers from Ireland who founded the Gaelic kingdom of Dál Riata on Scotland's west coast in present- day Argyll.[1. Gaelic in Scotland was mostly confined to Dál Riata until the 8th century, when it began expanding into Pictish areas north of the Firth of Forth and the Firth of Clyde. By 9. 00, Pictish appears to have become extinct, completely replaced by Gaelic.[1.

An exception might be made for the Northern Isles, however, where Pictish was more likely supplanted by Norse rather than by Gaelic.[1. In southern Scotland, place name analysis suggests dense usage of Gaelic in Galloway and adjoining areas to the north and west, as well as in West Lothian and parts of western Midlothian. Less dense usage is suggested for north Ayrshire, Renfrewshire, the Clyde Valley and eastern Dumfriesshire. Watch Suicide Kings Hindi Full Movie there.

In south- eastern Scotland, there is no evidence that Gaelic was ever widely spoken: the area shifted from Cumbric to Old English during its long incorporation into the Anglo- Saxon Kingdom of Northumbria. In 1. 01. 8 after the conquest of the Lothians by the Kingdom of Scotland, Gaelic reached its social, cultural, political, and geographic zenith in Scotland. Elites spoke Gaelic although some commoners in the Lothians retained Old English.[3] Colloquial speech in Scotland had been developing independently of that in Ireland at least as early as its crossing the Druim Alban into Pictland.[1. In Latin, the entire country was for the first time called Scotia, and Gaelic was the lingua Scotia.[1.

Eclipse of Gaelic in Scotland[edit]Many historians mark the reign of King Malcom Canmore (Malcolm III) as the beginning of Gaelic's eclipse in Scotland, because his wife Margaret spoke no Gaelic, gave her children Anglo- Saxon rather than Gaelic names, and brought many English bishops, priests, and monastics to Scotland.[2. When both Malcolm and Margaret died in 1. Gaelic aristocracy rejected their anglicised sons and instead backed Malcolm's brother Donald Bàn as the next King of Scots.[2.

Sometimes called the ‘last Celtic King of Scotland,’[2. Donald had spent 1. Gaelic Ireland and his power base was in the thoroughly Gaelic west of Scotland. He was the last Scottish monarch to be buried on Iona, the one- time centre of the Scottish Gaelic Church[clarification needed] and the traditional burial place of the Gaelic Kings of Dàl Riada and the Kingdom of Alba. During the reigns of the sons of Donald's nephew and successor, Malcolm Canmore (1. Anglo- Norman names and practices spread throughout Scotland south of the Forth–Clyde line and along the northeastern coastal plain as far north as Moray.

Norman French completely displaced Gaelic at court. The establishment of royal burghs throughout the same area, particularly under David I, attracted large numbers of foreigners speaking Old English. This was the beginning of Gaelic's status as a predominantly rural language in Scotland.[2. Clan chiefs in the northern and western parts of Scotland continued to support Gaelic bards who remained a central feature of court life there. The semi- independent Lordship of the Isles in the Hebrides and western coastal mainland remained thoroughly Gaelic since the language's recovery there in the 1. By the mid- 1. 4th century what eventually came to be called Scots (at that time termed Inglis) emerged as the official language of government and law.[2. Scotland's emergent nationalism in the era following the conclusion of the Wars of Scottish Independence was organized using Scots as well.

For example, the nation's great patriotic literature including John Barbour's The Brus (1. Blind Harry's The Wallace (before 1. Scots, not Gaelic.

By the end of the 1. English/Scots speakers referred to Gaelic instead as 'Yrisch' or 'Erse', i.

Irish and their own language as 'Scottis'.[2. Modern era[edit]Scottish Gaelic has a rich oral (beul- aithris) and written tradition, having been the language of the bardic culture of the Highland clans for many years. The language preserves knowledge of and adherence to pre- feudal laws and customs, the salience of which was evident in the complaints and claims of the Highland Land League in the late 1. MPs to the Parliament of the United Kingdom.[2. However, the language suffered under centralization efforts by the Scottish and later British states, especially after the Battle of Culloden in 1. Mother And Child Full Movie Online Free here.

Highland Clearances, and by the exclusion of Scottish Gaelic from the educational system. Even before then, charitable schools operated by the Society in Scotland for the Propagation of Christian Knowledge used instructional methods designed to suppress the language in favour of English and corporal punishment against students using Gaelic.[2.

The first well- known translation of the Bible into Scottish Gaelic was made in 1. Driving Miss Daisy Movie Watch Online.

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